AOD 可以用来表征大气中气溶胶柱含量。观测AOD的仪器有自动跟踪式的和手持式的太阳光度计(CE318,Cimel; MicroposII, Solar Light Co)。太阳光度计利用可见光和近红外波段的几个滤光片观测直接太阳辐射，并从中反演出AOD和其它变量（例如水汽柱含量和臭氧柱含量）。

AOD can be used to represent the aerosol loading in an atmospheric column. An automatic or hand-held sunphotometer (CE318,Cimel; MicroposII, Solar Light Co.) with several filters in visible and near infrared is capable of measuring direct solar irradiance in each band, and deriving the AOD and other variables (such as water vapor column and ozone column).

微脉冲激光雷达(MPL-4B, Sigma Space Co.)用于测量527nm波长处的气溶胶垂直消光系数。同时，激光雷达资料可以用来反演其它产品，例如大气边界层高度和云边界的演变等。

Aerosol vertical extinction coefficient at the wavelength of 527nm is measured using a Micro-pulse Lidar(MPL-4B, Sigma Space Co.). And other products, for example, atmospheric boundary layer height and cloud boundary, can be derived from the lidar data set.

黑碳（BC）对辐射有强烈的吸收作用。利用黑碳仪(AE-31, Magee Sci.)测量370,470,520,590,660,880 and 950nm波长处的BC浓度。黑碳仪通过测量滤纸带上采集的气溶胶粒子的光衰减，利用光学分析法测量出黑碳的质量浓度，进而计算气溶胶吸收系数。

Light can be absorbed smallly especially by black carbon (BC). The BC concentration in atmosphere is measured at wavelengths of 370,470,520,590,660,880 and 950nm by the aethalometer (AE-31, Magee Sci.). The Aethalometer uses optical analysis to determine the mass concentration of BC particles collected from an air stream passing through a filter, and then calculates aerosol absorption coefficient.

气溶胶对辐射有散射作用。气溶胶的散射系数的观测仪器是积分浊度计(M9003, Ecotech)。浊度计能对气溶胶的散射系数进行实时连续的观测。由于空气中含有颗粒物，浊度计连续地抽取空气，利用光学分析法能够实时地测量颗粒物对光的散射作用。

Light can be scattered by aerosol. The observation of aerosol scattering coefficient are made using an Integrating Nephelometer(M9003, Ecotech). The Nephelometer continuously and in real-time measures the light scattering in a sample of ambient air due to the presence of particulate matter using optical analysis.

气溶胶能够影响能见度，污染严重时，高浓度的气溶胶能引起低能见度事件。利用前向散射能见度仪(M6000, Belfort Ins.C.)测量能见度和消光系数。

Aerosols have important impacts on visibility. The high aerosol concentrations often produce low visibility events. The visibility range is measured with the forward scattering visibility sensor(M6000, Belfort Ins.C.). The light extinction coefficient and visibility can be output simultaneously.

颗粒物监测仪(Grimm 180)利用光的散射技术对颗粒物进行测量。该仪器利用31个通道对直径在0.25-32μm之间的颗粒物进行测量。基于粒子密度的假设，可以实时计算PM₁₀, PM_2.5 和 PM₁的质量浓度。

Counts of particulates that are with diameter between 0.25-32μm in 31 channels are measured by a dust monitor (Grimm 180) that uses light–scattering technology. PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁ mass concentrations can be calculated simultaneously based on density assumption of particle.

SMPS(TSI 3936)系统用于测量20-1000nm的气溶胶粒子。颗粒物先进入电迁移分选器按电迁移直径进行粒子分选，再进入凝结计数器进行个数测量。

The SMPS(TSI 3936) spectrometer is a system that measures the size distribution of aerosols in the size range from 20nm to 1000nm. Particles are classified with an differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and their concentration is measured with a condensation particle counter(CPC).

HTDMA系统用于测量次微米粒子的吸湿增长特性，可得到粒子在不同相对湿度下的吸湿增长因子和物质含水量，并可用作推测气溶胶的化学组分和混合状态。

Hygroscopic properties of aerosols is measured by an Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer(HTDMA), which is used to determine the water uptake on sub-micrometer particles at substaturated conditions, and speculate the chemical composition and mixing state of aerosols.

震荡天平法颗粒物质量监测仪（TEOM-1405 Series）是基于滤膜实时测量气流中悬浮颗粒物质量。其原理是吸入周围的空气，以恒定的流速通过滤膜，同时不断利用震荡天平法测量滤膜的重量并近似实时测出颗粒物(PM₁₀, PM_2.5 和 PM₁)的质量浓度。另外，该仪器还计算颗粒1小时、8小时、12小时和24小时内的平均质量浓度，可供选择存储。

The TEOM 1405 series Monitors are instruments that draw ambient air through filters at constant flow rate, continuously weighing the filter and calculating near real-time mass concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁. In addition, the instruments compute the 1-hour, 8-hour, 12-hour and 24-hour averages of the mass concentration for each type of particulate.

热光法碳分析仪（DRI2001）根据有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）在不同温度下可选择性氧化，认为当样品暴露在有氦气的低温环境中时，挥发性有机物可以从样品中挥发出来，而元素碳不会被氧化和清除。根据此原理分析检测样品中的EC/OC浓度。

The DRI 2001 thermal/optical carbon analyzer is based on the preferential oxidation of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) compounds at different temperatures. It relies on the fact that organic compounds can be volatilized from the sample deposit in a helium (He) atmosphere at low temperatures, while elemental carbon is not oxidized and removed.

Monitor for AeRosols and GAses (MARGA ADI2080)是通过旋转液膜气蚀器和蒸汽喷射气溶胶收集器（螺旋式玻璃管）来分离并制成可溶性的气体和气溶胶样品溶液，基于液相色谱制造的全自动半连续测量气溶胶中可溶性离子成分(NH₄⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^-, NO₃^-, SO₄^2-)和气体（NH₃, HNO₂, HNO₃, HCl, SO₂）的在线监测系统。系统可连续获得每小时气体和气溶胶浓度的平均结果。MARGA包括采样系统和分析系统。

Monitor for AeRosols and GAses (MARGA ADI2080) is a film by Wet Rotating Denuder (WRD)and Steam Jet Aerosol Collector (SJAC) to isolate and soluble gases and aerosols into the sample solution, all based on liquid chromatography，which is an automatic semi-continuous measurement of aerosol soluble ion composition (NH₄⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^-, NO₃^-, SO₄^2-) and gas (NH₃, HNO₂, HNO₃, HCl, SO₂) on-line monitoring system. This system, including the sampling system and analysis system, could continuous access average concentrations of gases and aerosols results per hour.     

AMA GC5000系统主要包括DIM200进样/校准模块、GC5000VOC和GC5000BTX监测模块。在完成样品富集、分离分析后，通过自动色谱和FID检测器可测量臭氧前体物（C2-C6范围的低沸点物种和C4-C12范围的高沸点物种）。

A GC system for continuous monitoring of the complete range of ozone precursor from C2-C12 can be configured by combining the DIM200, GC5000VOC and GC5000BTX. The measurement is based on the principle of adsorption of compounds on special materials in an enrichment tube and detection of the organic compounds with the help of a FID detector after separation on a capillary column of a GC.

METCON公司的光化学辐射通量观测仪利用快速单片集成电路技术以及对温度变化不敏感的陶制玻璃单色分光器实现稳定光谱的探测；通过512象素二极管阵列探测器实现了象素谱宽为0.85nm与光谱分辨率为2.1nm的高精度测量。可测量紫外低端谱UVB至可见光的太阳辐射光谱（280－700nm），并测量计算多种物质（J（O1D），J（NO2）、J(CHO)、J(HONO)、J(NO3)、etal）的光解速率，该仪器对研究城市或区域的光化学污染机制非常适用与重要。

This type of spectrometer (Mectcon) is capable of measuring irradiance, direct sun, actinic fluxes and photolysis rates form spectrally resolved data. It is based on a monolithic monochromator which has no moving parts. Made from ceramics/ glass, the monochromator has negligible sensitivity to temperature changes. It uses a 512 pixel diode array detector with a spatial resolution of ca 0.85 nm(pixeldistance) and an HWFH of ca. 2.1nm. Software supplied with the spectrometer records the spectral raw data as well as calculating the photolysis rates for J(O1D),J(CHO),J(NO2),J(HONO),and J(NO3) in real-time.

METCON公司的PAN粒子色谱分析仪是以气体作为流动相（载气），使用气相色谱原理监测空气中的PAN。当样品由微量注射器“注射”进样后被载气携带进入填充柱或毛细管色谱柱，通过自动色谱分析得到PAN的浓度。

The Automatic PAN Analyzer ( Metcon ) comprises gas chromatographic separation on capillary columns at sub-ambient temperature with electron capture detection. A hydrid system containing both oven modules and thus combining the advantage of a faster MPAN analysis with the use of CCL₄ as internal standard can be provided upon special request.

利用安德森气溶胶分级采样器(Model 20-709, 9 stages, Andersen)和小流量便携式气溶胶采样器(Airmetrics)来采集气溶胶样品。 利用电子天平对样品称重，得到颗粒物的质量分布。利用离子色谱分析法和热光法对水溶性和含碳成分进行分析。

Andersen air sampler(Model 20-709, 9 stages, Andersen) and Mini Volume air sampler(Airmetrics) are used for collecting aerosol samples. Mass distribution of particulates is weighted by electronic balance. Water-soluble and carbonic composition are measured with the ion chromatographic method and thermal-optical method separately.

气态污染物监测系统由四台空气分析仪和一套标定仪器(Sabio 2010, Sabio 2020, Sabio 2030)组成。该套监测系统能测量痕量气体和反应性气体，包括：氮氧化物(NO/NO₂/NO_X, EC9841B), 二氧化硫(SO₂, EC9850B), 一氧化碳(CO, EC9830B) 和臭氧(O₃，EC9810B)。

Gas phase pollutant monitoring system consists of four air analyzers and a set of calibration instruments(Sabio 2010, Sabio 2020, Sabio 2030). The air analyzers measure the amount of trace gases and reactive gases such as nitrogen oxides(NO/NO₂/NO_X, EC9841B), sulfur dioxide(SO₂, EC9850B), carbon monoxide (CO, EC9830B) and ozone(O₃，EC9810B).

作为超级城市群，珠三角地处热带季风严重影响地区。大气边界层的陆气过程和能量循环的主要特征与热通量、动量通量、物质通量和辐射收支有着密切的关系。热通量、动量通量、物质通量和辐射收支的监测对研究该地区的陆气过程和能量循环显得尤为重要。

It is very important to estimate the fluxes of momentum, heat and material and radiation budget to understand main characters of land-air processes and energy cycles in the atmosphere boundary over PRD, where is in a tropical monsoon region and with cities gathered in groups.

利用三维超声风速温度测量仪(CSAT3, Campbell)和开路红外二氧化碳/水汽脉动仪(LiCOR 7500)测量通量，包括动量通量，潜热通量(LE)，感热通量(H),和二氧化碳(CO₂)通量等。

The fluxes of momentum, latent heat(LE) ,sensible heat(H) and carbon dioxide(CO₂) are measured with a three-axe Ultra-sonic Anemometer(CSAT3, Campbell), and an opened path infrared CO₂ and H₂O analyzer(LiCOR 7500).

大口径闪烁仪可测量远至8km的水平平面内的空气折射指数参数。该仪器所观测到的资料可以订正卫星观测资料，同时也可以反演感热通量，对研究面上的能量收支有重要作用。

LAS can measure the path-averaged structure parameter of refractive index of air over horizontal path lengths from 0.25km to 8km. The sensible heat flux derived from LAS is used for energy balance study. It is also useful in the validation of satellite observation.

地表辐射收支观测系统的观测仪器有净辐射表(CM22, Kipp&Zonen),长波辐射表(CG4, Kipp&Zonen)和多波段太阳光度计(CE318, CIMEL)。利用两套净辐射表和长波辐射表同时测量向上和向下的长短波辐射。多波段太阳光度计用5个通道（440,670,870,940,1020nm）测量太阳直接短波辐射和天空亮度。

The instruments of this system consist of pyranometer(CM22, Kipp&Zonen), pyrgeometer(CG4, Kipp&Zonen), and multi-bands radiometer (CE318, CIMEL). Two pyranometers and two pyrgeometers measure simultaneously upward/downward short-wave and long-wave irradiance. The CE318 is capable of measuring direct solar irradiance and sky irradiance at 5 wavelengths of 440,670,870,940,1020nm.

利用紫外辐射表(UV-A-B-T, Kipp&Zonen; TUVR, Eppley Lab.) 测量地面紫外辐照度。

Surface ultraviolet irradiance measurement is measured with an UV radiometer(UV-A-B-T, Kipp&Zonen; TUVR, Eppley Lab.) .

连续实时的气温，湿度和风廓线的观测资料对于提高天气预报尤其临近预报的准确率起到至关重要的作用，同时对于研究混合层高度演变过程起到关键作用。

Continuous real-time upper air temperature, humidity and wind profiling is critical to the improving of accuracy and timeliness of weather nowcasts and forecasts, as well as understanding of the evolution of mixed layer height.

利用微波辐射计(TP/WVP3000, Radiometrics)可测量10km以下的温度，湿度和云水廓线，同时利用边界层风廓线雷达(WP-3000, SiChuang Electronic)测量3km以下的风廓线。

The measurement of temperature, humidity and cloud liquid profiles from surface to 10km height are made with a microwave radiometers (TP/WVP3000, Radiometrics), and that of wind profiles from surface to 3km height are carried out by a boundary wind profile radar.(WP-3000, SiChuang Electronic.)

利用自动气象站(MAWS201, MAWS301, Vaisala)观测温度，湿度，气压，雨量和风速等地面气象要素。

Surface meteorological observations, such as temperature, relative humidity, pressure, rain, and wind are measured by an automatic weather system(MAWS201, MAWS301, Vaisala).